Structural Racism and Myocardial Infarction †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Structural Racism and Myocardial Infarction. Answer: Introduction: This essay discusses the impact of the diversity in social work and how the social work practitioners face these issues of racism and ethnicity while performing their jobs. Diversity has become a key feature of the society irrespective of developed or underdeveloped countries. Social workers now a days are finding numerous issues while working with their clients. This is because in their operations they come across various people with different backgrounds as well as culture. For effectively working with these groups or communities, the social workers need to have proper understanding of the significance of diverse ethnicity and cultural factors (Cnx.org 2018). This is due to the fact that these racial and ethnic issues have greater influence on the perceptions, behaviour and response to interventions. Appropriate knowledge about these factors is prerequisite for understanding hence critical for the meaningful practices. However, knowledge and understanding are the sole fact to estab lish social work relationships. The knowledge of ethnicity and racism must be supported by the sensitivity of the practitioner towards different culture and background. There should be a wide conceptual model appropriate for working with diverse ethnic culture as well as tradition of client. In accordance with discussing specific groups, the practitioners should properly apply racism universally (Piquero et al.2015). The social work practitioners work with families, individuals, groups and communities for serving with legal policies, healthcare and other facilities. Through proper description of the requirements and description of particulate ethnic traits, enable the practitioners to see the problems from their own perspectives as well as of others. Thus, this help on creating greater and better awareness of the diversity in the society, their problems, helping process and scopes for betterment. This essay discusses various theories and models associated with the concept of racism and ethnicity present in the society and how these create issues for reaching as well as serving the people by the social work practitioners. The essay discusses how these practitioners face issues of racism while communicating or aiding the individuals, groups, families and communities. It analyses the cultural and ethnic issues emerging in the social services, health care sectors and social welfare policies. The issues of race and ethnicity can be examined through three chief sociological theories functionalism, Marxist perspectives, symbolic interactionism and critical theory. These theories are capable to explain the issues of racism, prejudice, discrimination as well as stereotypes. In this view, racial and ethnic dissimilarities must have served an important function for existing as long as they have. However, this ideology is problematic as most of the scholar find racism and ethnic diversity to be the root cause of discrimination which cannot contribute positively to the welfare of the society (Piquero et al.2015). Many sociologists, adhere with this view as they find functions and dysfunctions originated by the racial inequality. The argue that racism and discrimination have positive impacts but these only provide benefit to the dominant community. Historically, this helped the dominant groups to function and maintain gap between the high and low class by supporting and entertaining discrimination against the subordinate groups (Cnx.org 2018). For instance, slavery is always beneficial for the slave holders. Through this theory one can consider the method used by the slaveholders to justify slavery. They used to suggest that the black people were basically i nferior to whites hence preferred slavery to freedom. The supporters of functionalism, justify the discrimination and racism as these can contribute positively to proper functioning of the society. These concepts strengthen bonds among the in-group members by ostracising the out group people (Alexandra et al. 2013). Thus the community can increase individuality though reducing the permit for access of the outsiders. On the contrary, the dysfunction connected with maintain racial barrier includes failure to utilise the talents possessed by the subjugated community. Without taking advantage of the talents, the society spend time, effort and resources to maintain separation and inequality between the privileged and unprivileged class (Mathews 2017). Marxist perspectives: According to the revolutionary theory of Marxism, there is a complicated connection between the capitalism and racism. Capitalism largely depends on the concept of racism because both are the source of profiteering and basically used for the creating division to rule. Racism is seen to be a force for driving a wedge between the workers who have everything in common, every cause to ally and unite together (Murji and Solomos 2015). In such case, these workers can be perpetually divided through this racism aspect ad serve the advantage of the ruling class. For the Marxists, diversity consciousness in items of racism, can be potential to create division among a multi-ethnic, multi-racial yet a unified working class. The concept of new racism was proposed by the neo-Marxists who focussed on the cultural differences to be the reason of racism rather than the biological origin. The concept of racism initially developed to give justification and explanation of the practice of enslavement of the Africans. It is due to fact that they were accepted as less than human hence deprived to freedom or liberty and any kind of rights (Alexandra et al. 2013). As the theory of Marxism reveals, the entire concept and operation of capitalism is based on exploitation of the many by the few. Capitalism is a system which sustains depending on gross inequality. Hence the exploiters need various tools to create and maintain this division among the working class majority. Among these tools, racism serves the best for carrying on oppression. It also follows the Weberian theory where class, power and status serve to be main factors for maintaining the class difference. It is used to justify as well as explain the unequal distribution of health in the society where the minorities get enriched with the labour of the majority working class people (Murji and Solomos 2015). However, the extensive utilisation of racism did not only create path for exploitation of the slaves, it was expanded among the English and Irish factory workers in terms of anti-immigrant ideas. Symbolic interactionism: This particular theory is one of the most celebrated contributions to the sociological perspective of racism. For the symbolic interactionists, ethnicity and race provide intrepid symbols as the sources of identity. According to the interactionists, all the symbols of race in the interactions of people lead to racism (Stolcke 2013). As proposed by the most popular interactionist Herbert Blumer, the concept of racism initiates as well as gets popularity through the interactions among the group members of the dominant group without which others would not hold racist views (Liu and Pompper 2012). These interactions do not contain any positive interaction about the subordinate group members but contribute to a different abstract picture of that subordinate group. It allows other dominant sections to continue to support this reduced views about the subordinates thus maintain a status quo. The acceptability of internationalism is so fast and deep that an individual can easily hold a concep t about one particular group through the interactions in popular media. This belief is based on the images conveyed by the interaction and he or she unquestionably believe that shared idea about that particular group to be true because the individual has never personally met or interacted with any member of that group (Robinson-Wood 2016). The concept of racism can also be defined as a useful tool for realising how the idea of race can shape the social interaction (Lipman 2015). Symbolic internationalism defining racism is a perspective through which people define one particular race and ethnicity. However, in most of the cases, these interactions bear negative connotation about one particular group which the society wants to dominate. The problem in symbolic internationalism lies in the fact that people lose the capacity of self-scripting outside the conditions decided by the dominant community. Hence, the capacity to script other variations of perception about self, loss their way and get confined within the territory set by the higher social order (Robinson-Wood 2016). This is the reason the identity of self gets polarised by the social interactions and the difference grows with time. This theory was emerged from the concept of inequality and the struggle followed by it. It emerged in the post-modern period. This theory is applied in the inequalities resulting from identity difference from the perspective gender, education, social class, ethnicity, complexion, origin and race. As originated from the cultural and racial differences, the struggle paved path for the constant conflict between the white ruling class and the black racial minorities (Spencer 2014). The chief reason of such conflict was that the ruling class constantly perceived threat from the minorities and tried to supress them at any cost. In the late 19th century, the civil war resulted in the rising of the blacks social and political power which was later curbed by differ types of laws by the whites. The famous feminist sociologist Patricia Collins developed another aspect of this critical theory which is called intersection theory (Sturgeon 2016). In the process of understanding race or ethnicity, the advantage and disadvantage are to be discussed but before judging its impact on the society it is vital to acknowledge the way people understand the race is designed. In this theory Collins had stated that one cannot separate the impact of race, gender, class, sexual orientation, education, culture and other attributes which are the factors to share the concept of race (Bolin and Kurtz 2018). These multiple layers of disadvantages intersect with one another, to create the way for understanding the concept of race. Despite the fact that the distinguished identity of different race and ethnicity which ultimately resulted in struggle, some critics follow the positive side to this struggle. To them it is a constructive process that helps the community to perform better and develop. Critical thinking of binary opposites exemplifies the relation between two related terms which are opposite in their own connotations. Through this system, two opposing factors can be directly defined. In the perspective of racism, this term is vital for understanding the gap between opposing factors (Downing 2015). This gap is the distinguishing factor that helps the community to identify themselves in one particular symbol or word. The racism inherits its negative connotation from this identification where the whites differentiate them from blacks the majority from minority. Totalising concepts are one of the major outcome of post structuralism, postmodernist thoughts, deconstructionism and post colonialism (Kok et al. 2017). In any society, the presence of manifold of power aims to create and maintain the distance between the majority and minority. This idea of marinating power distance leads to the subjugation of the subordinates and creates a totalising effect (Kaya 2017). Due t o this reason, diversity of small cultures become submerged or engulfed by the domination powerful factor thus lose distinction. This constant intention to emphasis sameness and equality are the primary factor of creating causes of conflict or struggle between classes. Essentialist linguistic categorisation focuses on the language to be the most potential to create the negativity of racism (Ladson-Billings and Tate 2016). The language creates an essentialist stance and becomes the most import factor for any cultural group. Racial fluidity allows people to mix with other races where the intercultural marriages take place. It guarantees the peaceful coexistence of numerous races in one society (Downing 2015). Cultural pluralism also supports this view where the smaller ethnic groups reside in a large society but maintain their cultural identities and values. The concept of domination is organised into a coherent and unitary strategic form so that the minorities can be challenged sharply and find no way to flourish. Race and ethnicity in Irish context: The anti-Irish sentiment refers to the racism, oppression, persecution, discrimination, bigotry and hatred to the Irish people as a nation or a particular ethnic group. It can be directed against the nationalism of Ireland as well as against the Irish emigrants. The concept of anti-Irish sentiment aims to demonstrate the racist behaviours against the Irish descendants in the Irish diaspora (Bressey and Dwyer 2012). These derogatory attitudes of racism and ethnicity towards the Irish people was deeply rooted in the medieval period and shows evidence after the Irish immigration to the UK, south Africa, North America and Australia along with New Zealand. Irish racism in the Victorian Britain included stereotyping of Irish emigrants to be violent and alcoholic. They were accused with cronyism which subjected them to the misinterpretation of their religious belief. After the great famine, anti-Irish prejudice became more intense. The great number of Irish immigrants who came across the Irish sea and settled down in the poorer districts of the Great Britain, became the victims of physical violation. This became common practice when the Irish people were barred from public house and jobs with all other employment opportunity only because they had Irish accent or name (Bressey and Dwyer 2012). In recent times, the situation has changed there have been different laws to reduce the cases of exposure in terms of anti-Irish sentiment. The renown British people have been entertaining anti-Irish prejudice even in live television programs as they are getting support from British nationalistgroups. The anti-Irish marches have been used as an excuse to attack and intimidate the Irish immigrants. Under this circumstances, providing all-inclusive care to these long deprived people have become really difficult for the social care practitioners (Rampton 2017). The communities, families and individuals have a deep rooted experience of extensive abuses hence the evolution of social policies and discursive practices become valueless to them for which the social practitioners were working hard to reach them. The issues of racism and ethnicity are the greatest barrier for the practitioners to serve them. Ethnicity and Social Work Practice with Individuals: A major aim of the social work practice around the globe are more or less same that is to serve the families and groups suffering from some kind of deprivation in the social structure. It is the effort to enhance the social functioning along with all-encompassing well-being (Kok et al. 2017). On the part of the social workers, voluntarily or involuntarily get affected by the diversity of culture as well as social norms. The ethnic values are capable to pervade the whole process of their works starting from the decision making process for asking help to the issues of confidentiality for assistance. There again the issues of determining the definition of client evolve which create dilemma in the minds of the social workers. In this aspect of social care services, there remains the cultural gap between the service giver and seeker (Leslie 2017). This aspects of cultural and ethnic gap are also a determinant of the efficiency of the social care practitioners. The effectiveness of the non-ethnic social worker dealing with the problems of the ethnic individuals basically depends upon their capabilities to understand the issues with community then offer services which are responsive as well as responsible to their culture (Lukachko, Hatzenbuehler and Keyes 2014). In such cases, the social care practitioners take the assistance of the translators introduces the third person which often affect the relationship between the assistance giver and the seeker. This can also affect the responses of the assistance seekers as they cannot open up before everybody. It is the factor of trust which has proved to be one of the most critical factor for the relationship between the helper and client can be developed only when the helper sees and feels the issues of the client through clear ethnic lens (Betancourt et al. 2016). It is however essential for proper understanding of the expectation from the side of the client which will ultimately help to overcome the racial and ethnic barrier that create impedance in the helping process. Social care practice has been proved to be one of the most important profession to have capacity to impact change. The social care practitioners are responsible to provide service to the low-income people and fight for social justice but they are having problem to discuss the issues of race and class as these are the most sensitive issue in any society (Banks, Surez-Orozco and Ben-Peretz 2016). In dealing with the young generation of Irish victims in the UK and other places, the social care practitioners come across the issue of considerable resilience. In deflecting the effect of racism, the majority of people are expressing eagerness for finding ways to contest the endemic societal nature as well as tolerance of racism (Chae et al. 2014). Ethnicity and Social Work with Groups: People are born in groups, developed in them and most importantly contribute in the group identity. In this aspect individuality is considered to be a part of large group. This group is a category of people who identify each other based on the similarities like common ancestry, nation or cultural heritage (Downes, Rock and McLaughlin 2016). Hence a problem with any group member directly contacts the community and affect the distinguished identity. This group experiences are categorised through the ethnic lens which is generally constructed by distinguished ethnic identity. This however, includes the shared meanings, symbols, vocabulary and constructs (Lukachko, Hatzenbuehler and Keyes 2014). This is the reason why the ethnicity of the social care practitioner is important in serving the client group. This aspect of ethnicity of the service provider is necessary as this may affect on the positive and negative responses of the group in one hand and the appropriate evaluation of problem s of the service seeking community. Both positive and negative impact depend upon the similarity as well as differences between the gibers and seekers. As mentioned before, in the ethnic groups there are factors like group solidarity as well as individual attainments are appreciated differently within the ethnic groups and if any of the group members violate historic norms, is perceived to be great shame of the group members (Cox and Ephross 2009). Moreover, some of the major ethnic groups in the word have their own set of values regarding self-expression and own style of democratic ruling. This is where the social care practitioners feel limitation of knowledge hence cannot serve comprehensively. In the case of social discrimination and racism on the Irish community in various other states where they are minority group, the social care practitioners keep wide field of vision which allow them to understand the issues regarding the violation and discrimination along with deprivation of social wealth that affect the whol e community. Ethnicity and Families: families all over the world transmit their culture as they teach to socialise their members how to behave feel and speak. Through these, families transmit their own ethnicity to their next generations as they share their histories and unique identities. The traditional families have their own set of ideology which they transmit so that their children do not face discrimination and carry on their heritage (Lukachko, Hatzenbuehler and Keyes 2014). This is the reason why the traditional families have stricter norms regarding socialisation. The patters they follow to behave with regards to their sex roles, patriarchal power and familial division of labour. With the change of time and technology, many traditional families have started to adapt themselves with the changing society to survive in such cases, their traditionalism have been compromised. In many cases, the social care practitioners find it difficult to deal with the elder members of a traditional family because there is a huge generation gap between them and their next generation. The reason of struggle is different for these two parties hence fail to connect with each other. Moreover, these traditional families record the highest issues of crime as well as committing suicide. In addition to this, news of drug addiction is very much pervasive in the communities. Therefore, the practitioners try to find commonality in dealing with the families so that they can perceive their problems through the similar perspectives. In some cases, the social care practitioners face problems regarding the mobility of the families which become necessary for one of their family members but convincing them is a hard job (Lipman 2015). The problems originated from the family conflict is also a vital matter where the family members do not allow the social care practitioners to enter and as sist them. The traditional families are deprived of the social supports provided by the local and national governments but while guiding these traditional families, victim of racism, the social care practitioners find difficulties in implementing the social care facilities (Betancourt et al. 2016). Due to different ideologues and values, the cultural gap remains predominant in dealing with traditional families. Ethnicity and migration: The issue of migration is one common cause for discrimination in the society. The migration from Ireland to Britain due to famine and unemployment, is the second most common form of discrimination (Mathews 2017). The migrant workers have been deprived of accessing the national or state employment because of the issues of racism. As the data has revealed the Irish workers face three times more discrimination in terms of employment and the black workers experience seven times of discrimination. More than 32% of permit holders reported the cases of harassment as well as insults in the workplaces (Bakan, and Dua 2014). Despite the fact that the national governments have different types of employee laws to maintain order in the public as well as private companies, these migrant workers seem to be vulnerable to the issues of racism in their workplaces which often result to abuse, punishment and wage deduction. According to the social care practitioners, these migrant workers are exploited hence cannot assert their employment rights. Moreover, the working permits binds these workers in such a way that they cannot move out of the employers hence exacerbates the range of vulnerability. The social care petitioners face problem while dealing with these migrant workers in different ways. First of all, convincing them to avail social care is quite difficult. First of all, the workers are treated as asylum seekers hence treated less favourably in the workplaces. This is one of the chief reason of increasing case of depression and suicide attempts. The care practitioners apply the method of counselling so that these migrant workers can avail the laws to secure their interests. The workers form another country work under extreme exploitation and often forced labour. Their workplace is unwelcoming which is sharply divided on ethnic lines adding fuels to racial tension. The women working under racial issues, experience of sexual harassment, unequal pay and pregnancy-related discrimination which create problematic situation for the social care practitioners to help through various anti-racism regulations (Bolin and Kurtz 2018). Accessing the public services is impossible for the traditional communities. The social care practitioners point out the difficulties faced by the efficient employees while competing with the common competitors (Spencer 2014). In addition to this, unequal treatment in accessing the public services has direct connection with experience as well as social status of any ethnic group or individual. Despite the fact that the most frontline service providers aim to provide or deliver public services without any discrimination or prejudice, the social care practitioners face problems to claim them for assisting the deprived communities (Alexandra et al. 2013). Due to the absence of the deprived class in the policy making procedure in terms of racism, the constantly shaping policies are devoid of any supportive policies without prejudice. The social workers hence face difficulties to communicate and guide the migrant workers to empower themselves instead of pushed further into poverty (Arato 2016). Ethnicity and Health: As mentioned before the moral, ethnic and traditional boundaries of the diverse communities determine that the ethnic communities are always rigid in the cases of health care issues. They have own set of values and religious beliefs that do not allow them to avail all kinds of health care facilities provided by the government (Banks, Surez-Orozco and Ben-Peretz 2016). Health as well as health care are one of the most complicated issues that the social care practitioners face while serving the people of different race and ethnic. These health care issues are further complicated by the ethic norms of that can deeply influence the behaviours, health status, attitudes and proper service utilization. The cultural values of different traditional communities can be influential in perceiving the issues of illness and their symptoms. It directly affects the decision making procedure and the responses of tackling with the illness and symptoms along with the choice of treatments (Gabbidon 2015) . This is the reason why the proper understanding of the cultural definitions of ailment and the factors associated with the usage of medical care are the prerequisite for scheming operative, efficient and responsive health care system by the government of the countries. The issues regarding the health of the women are to be discussed in the health care systems because in most cases the family structure and traditional views of neglect the issues of women health (Atun et al. 2015). The high mortality rate during pregnancy and afterwards have disclosed the impact of careless views and beliefs in most of the traditional families. Moreover, as the data reveals that as the traditional families are chiefly migrants or unemployed, they do not have proper access to national health care system. One of the most problematic situation that the practitioners face is the inaccessibility to the information of illness where traditional attitudes influence the perception of symptoms and treatment (Aki nboro et al. 2016). Therefore, it can be concluded that the issues of race and ethnicity are chief causes of discrimination around the world. The value system, beliefs, culture and identities play vital role in identification of different communities in different places. There are different reasons why these traditional groups have been originated and remain secluded from the common people of a nation. Some of these communities enjoy more privileges than the other but in some places they are abused and become victim of discrimination and exploitation. This essay has discussed four theories such as functionalism, Marxist and neo-Marxist theory and critical theory in order to understand the reasons of deprivation of people on the basis of race and ethnicity. There are various issues that the social care practitioners face while serving these ethnic communities among which the collection of information becomes one of the most vital barrier. Due to difference of culture as well as language there are problem s of communication which prevent the carers to reach the communities more efficiently. However, the situation has been changing and the communities are trying to cope up with the modern world with all their facilities provided by the government agencies and organisations. 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